<p>Washington Avenue Historic District is a national historic district located at Evansville, Indiana. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980. The district, bounded roughly by Madison and Grand Avenues and East Gum and Parrett Streets, sprang up in the late 19th century, during an economic boom when the city&#39;s population went from 29,200 in 1880 to more than 59,000 by 1900.</p><br>
<p>When the neighborhood was nominated to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980, local preservationists cited the districts “important collection of late-Victorian frame houses” – grand styles, from Gothic Revival to French Second Empire, designed by the citys leading architects for some of its leading citizens. Among those who built stately homes on Washington Avenue were Max deJong, an importer and fine clothing retailer; Antonio Sierra, superintendent of the Fendrich Cigar Company; and William Akin Jr., a well-to-do meatpacker who later became mayor of Evansville.</p><br>
<p>The Washington Avenue district – where 23 percent of the houses have been demolished in the last quarter-century – never attracted the investment that other districts in the city have. Local and state preservation experts fear the demolition of structures in the Washington Avenue district along with the accelerating decline of what remains could jeopardize the area&#39;s status on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Frascati is an early 19th-century Federal-style plantation house near Somerset in Orange County, Virginia. Frascati was the residence of Philip P. Barbour, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States and statesman.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Frascati was built between 1821 and 1823 for Philip P. Barbour, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States and statesman. Barbours father, Thomas Barbour arrived in Orange County as a young man from Culpeper County. In 1806, Thomas Barbour and his wife, Mary, sold their home tract of 885 acre to their son, Philip. Barbour entered into his "Articles of Agreement" with master builder John M. Perry on 7 November 1821. Barbour was familiar with Perrys capabilities through his work at the University of Virginia and was attracted to Somerset, the home of his neighbor, Thomas Macon. Like Somerset, Frascati was influenced by the more conventional, central hall Federal house style. This conventional format contrasted with the tastes of Barbours brother, Senator James Barbour of Barboursville. Barboursville was designed by Thomas Jefferson in 1822 and displayed Jeffersons mixing of French and Palladian forms similar to that at Monticello.</p><br>
<p>Frascati was Barbours home until his death in 1841. Barbours wife sold the estate in 1848 to Captain James Magruder, another local builder who had worked under Jefferson on the University of Virginia. Frascati was then long the home of Mrs. William H. Lyne, followed by Mr. A. D. Irving, a distant relation to Washington Irving. The residence is now owned by the Barrow family, who have preserved its farm setting.</p><br>
<p>Frascati was added to the Virginia Landmarks Register on 16 September 1980 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places on 28 June 1982.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Frascati is one of the Piedmonts best-documented 19th-century dwellings. The original building contract is preserved in the collections of the Virginia Historical Society and called for "exterior walls of the whole house to be faced with rubber stretchers well burned..." with the brickwork also "to be equal to any... at the University of Virginia." It was designed by John M. Perry of nearby Albemarle County, Virginia. Perry was one of the master builders employed by Thomas Jefferson both at Monticello and the University of Virginia. Frascatis Tuscan portico and classical detailing are Jeffersonian architectural characteristics.</p><br>
<p>The 57 x 39 structure is executed in very even Flemish-bond brick with tooled penciled joints. Frascatis shallow hipped roof covers the two-story, double-pile residence. Frascatis main entrance has paneled double doors set within a frame containing a large semicircular transom and complementing sidelights all encircled with elaborately patterned wooden tracery. The frame consists of symmetrical architraves with paneled corner blocks. The main entrance is sheltered by a tetrastyle, pedimented Tuscan portico on a brick podium. Frascati&#39;s Tuscan portico has stuccoed columns, a full entablature, and a pediment with a semicircular lunette in the tympanum.</p><br>
<p>Fenestration throughout Frascati consists of six-over-six sash windows set in wooden architraves and flanked by original louvered shutters. Paired interior-end chimneys are located on Frascatis north and south elevations. A later semi-exterior chimney is found on the homes rear elevation. The roof is covered with standing-seam sheet metal.</p><br>
<p>Frascati&#39;s central hall plan and interior are discussed at some length in the original specifications:</p><br>
<p>The house to have a passage through the middle of it ten feet wide in the clear; and to have a cross partition wall so as to divide the floors of each story into four rooms besides the passage; both the passage walls and cross walls to go from the foundation to the top to be of brick and of the same thickness in the several stories as in the outer walls; the whole house bapement story and all, to be well plaistered with a due preportion of plaister of Paris.... The drawing room and passage each to have a handsome cornice of plaister, and each a handsome center ornament of plaister in the ceiling; the general style of all the wood work to be like Thomas Macon&#39;s dwelling house... there are to be two staircases one private from the dining room and chamber, with a closet under it; the other an elegant ornamental one out of the passage....</p><br>
<p>The parlor exhibits plasterwork ceiling medallions and entablatures, the latter copied from a design in Asher Benjamins American Builders Companion (1806). Surviving on the Frascati estate grounds are the original kitchen outbuilding and remnants of the extensive original gardens.</p><br>
<p>The Anderton Court Shops building was completed in 1952, as Frank Lloyd Wright&#39;s final Los Angeles building. It consisted of a small three-story group of shops on fashionable Rodeo Drive in the downtown section of Beverly Hills, California. The building was restored and renovated in 2024 as a flagship store for Givenchy.</p><br>
<h2>Design</h2><br>
<p>The entrance to all the shops is off of an angular ramp that wraps around an open parallelogram as it leads upward to the shops. Four shops</p><br>
<p>were envisioned with the penthouse space, an apartment. Like the Marin Civic Center, this is another example of a secular Wright building with a "steeple". The inverted “V” front elevation stands out in sharp contrast to its traditional, flat-front urban neighbors.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In later years, the space was subdivided into six small shops, three on each side, each staggered a half-floor from one another and offset by the ramp. The facade, which was once light buff with oxidized-copper-color trim, was repainted white with black detailing. A canopy and signage were also added, not consistent with Wright&#39;s original design.</p><br>
<p>The Anderton Court Shops building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on May 14, 2004. The entire building was restored and renovated in 2024 as a flagship store for Givenchy.</p><br>
<p>Thomas-McJunkin-Love House is a historic home located at Charleston, West Virginia. It was built for James R. Thomas, president of the Carbon Fuel Company, a coal mining business in the Kanawha Valley. Known originally as "The Maples," it was built for him and his family around 1921. It is in the English Tudor style and features half timbering in some of the gables and brick in others, but the exterior is predominantly in stucco.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984 as part of the South Hills Multiple Resource Area.</p><br>
<p>The Beeches, also known as the Huntington-Skinner House and Woman&#39;s Club of St. Albans, is a historic home located at St. Albans, West Virginia. It was built about 1874 for Henry Edwards Huntington in the Italianate style. After its purchase in 1903 by locale magnate J. V. R. Skinner, the two story home was transformed with a mix of formal interior and exterior details and additions. It commands an excellent view of Kanawha Terrace, a principal street of St. Albans, atop a hill that descends in a gentle slope shaded with trees and shrubbery.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.</p><br>
<p>Craik-Patton House is a historic home and public museum located at Charleston, West Virginia. It was built by James Craik and his wife, Juliet Shrewsbury, in 1834 in the Greek Revival style. It was originally located on Virginia Street in Charleston, but moved to its present site in 1973 to save it from the threat of demolition. It features four massive columns that support the extended center roof with pilasters placed above the front facade. It was faithfully restored and preserved for the public by the National Society of the Colonial Dames of America in the state of West Virginia and open for tours year round.</p><br>
<p>Though originally named "Elm Grove" the house is now called the Craik-Patton House in honor of Rev. James Craik who built the house, who was the grandson and namesake of George Washington&#39;s physician, Dr. James Craik. The Patton aspect of the name comes from Col. George S. Patton, grandfather of WWII hero George Patton, who lived in the house with his family from 1858 until his passing.</p><br>
<p>The Craik Patton House also features attractions of interest relating to several other prominent families of the Kanawha River Valley region. Within the house itself can be found artifacts from the two families it takes its name from, and other important furnishings and objects relating to the Kanawha Valley&#39;s role in local history.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1970.</p><br>
<p>Mattie V. Lee Home is a historic home located at Charleston, West Virginia. It stands on what was once a densely packed commercial block close to the center of a historically African-American neighborhood in Charleston. It was built about 1920 and is a two-story concrete block structure with a prominent raised basement and features a two-tier front porch.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.</p><br>
<p>Holly Grove Mansion, also known as Holly Grove Inn or Ruffner Mansion, is a historic home located at Charleston, West Virginia on the grounds of the West Virginia State Capitol. It is a large brick house with a front section made to accommodate three floors and rear section housing two. It features a massive two story, semi-circular portico at the front entrance. It was constructed originally in 1815 as the home of Daniel Ruffner, one of a family which helped develop the early salt industry in the Kanawha Valley. It gained its present-day appearance in about 1902 when new owner, John Nash, undertook substantial remodeling. In 1979, the mansion underwent an extensive rehabilitation when it became headquarters for the West Virginia Commission on Aging.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<p>Smith-Giltinan House is a historic home located at Charleston, West Virginia. It is a three-story dwelling with an asymmetrical plan. It was built about 1888 and many of its details are in the Queen Anne style. It features an asymmetrical plan, projecting bays, varied materials and textures, and elaborate porch details. The house is six bays wide by six bays deep and the roof is basically a steeply pitched hip shape, covered with asphalt shingles. There is a polygonal tower on the north side.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.</p><br>
<p>Samuel Starks House is a historic home located at Charleston, West Virginia.</p><br>
<p>It is an American Foursquare style home built in 1908, as home for Samuel W. Starks (1866–1908). Starks was a nationally prominent African American leader in the Knights of Pythias fraternal organization.</p><br>
<p>It was severely damaged by a fire in 1981 and subsequently repaired and renovated. The Samuel Starks House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.</p><br>
<p>St. Bartholomew&#39;s Protestant Episcopal Church and Rectory is a historic Episcopal church and rectory located at 1227 Pacific St., east of Bedford Avenue in Crown Heights, Brooklyn, New York, New York. It was built in 1886 in the Romanesque Revival style. It is constructed of brick with stone trim and topped by a slate roof. It features a squat, battered stone tower crowned by an ogival, tiled roof. The two story brick and stone rectory features twin gables and ogival tower.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<p>Clinton Commercial Historic District is a national historic district located at Clinton, Laurens County, South Carolina. It encompasses 37 contributing buildings in the central business district of Clinton. The district predominantly comprises late-19th and early-20th century commercial buildings, and also contains two bank buildings; a five-section warehouse; a former city hall; a large, industrial building; a Masonic temple; and a small, landscaped park.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.</p><br>
<p>The Clinton Avenue Historic District in Albany, New York, United States, is a 70 acre area along that street  between North Pearl  and Quail streets. It also includes some blocks along neighboring streets such as Lark and Lexington.</p><br>
<p>It originated with the citys creation of Clinton Square at its east end, shortly after the opening of the Erie Canal. Herman Melville lived for a year in one of the early rowhouses on the square. The rowhouse became the standard form as development continued to the west in later decades as the city industrialized. Today 92% of its nearly 600 buildings are 19th-century rowhouses in different architectural styles, predominantly Italianate, many built as speculative housing for the citys middle class. This is the greatest concentration of such houses in the city of Albany. All but 20 buildings are contributing properties.</p><br>
<p>Many remain intact both outside and in, and in 1981 it was recognized as a historic district by the city, and seven years later, in 1988, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). Urban decay still affects the district, and the city has spent federal grant money on revitalization and stabilization efforts.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The district centers along the 1.5 mi stretch of Clinton between Broadway and North Quail. This stretch of the road rises from the flatlands next to the Hudson River to the plains of the city&#39;s western neighborhoods, first steeply up the side of the bluff known as Sheridan Hollow, then more gently to the Quail intersection, a total climb of 190 ft. Through here, Clinton remains unusually wide for Albany (briefly divided at its eastern end, where it receives traffic off Interstate 787 from the nearby Dunn Memorial Bridge.</p><br>
<p>It is just north of downtown and the state buildings of Empire State Plaza. Other historic districts, such as Arbor Hill, Broadway-Livingston Avenue and Ten Broeck Triangle, abut it on the north.</p><br>
<p>Its boundaries were precisely drawn to follow the rear lot lines along both side of Clinton Avenue. There are extrusions taking in some sections of side streets where similar housing was built.</p><br>
<p>On its east end, starting at the Palace, it includes the west side of North Pearl Street (NY 32), just north of the First Church in Albany, itself listed on the Register, and the east side north of the modern Leo O&#39;Brien Federal Office Building. Three rowhouses along the south side of Livingston are included; the rest of this neighborhood is part of the Arbor Hill–Ten Broeck Triangle Historic District. The area to the east of the intersection is included in the Broadway-Livingston Avenue Historic District.</p><br>
<p>South of the Clinton-North Pearl intersection, the boundary takes in the two remaining rowhouses on Clinton Place, the oldest extant buildings in the district. After excluding the properties on either side of the Ten Broeck Street intersection, it continues westward along Clinton&#39;s rear property lines until the southern Lark Street intersection, where US 9W branches off to the south from Route 9, the beginning of a highway to the George Washington Bridge in Fort Lee, New Jersey. Here it extends down the street for several blocks, all the way to Elk Street, taking in the nine-house row along the north side to the east of the intersection.</p><br>
<p>At the next intersection west along Clinton, Henry Johnson Boulevard, US 9 leaves Clinton Avenue for the latter. The district continues to follow the Clinton property lines to Lexington Avenue, where it includes the houses along the west side to midway between First and Second streets, and short rows along either side of First Street west of the Lexington intersection. From there the district returns to Clinton all the rest of the way to Quail, including 2 Judson Street only because it fronts on Clinton and is part of a row in that area.</p><br>
<p>The 70 acres (28 ha) delineated by this boundary are urban and mostly developed, with a few vacant lots. There are 576 buildings in it. Only 20 of them are considered non-contributing, most of them modern commercial intrusions like supermarkets and gas stations. Of the 556 contributing buildings, 530 (or 92% of the total) are two- or three-story brick rowhouses, built over a century and reflecting different architectural styles. The remaining historic buildings include the theater, churches, an old police station and two schools.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The development of Clinton Avenue from northern boundary of the city of Albany to densely developed urban residential area closely parallels the citys growth during the districts period of significance (1820–1931) in response to changes in its economy. It begins with the creation of Clinton Square and ends with the construction of the Palace Theatre at that same intersection.</p><br>
<h3>Colonial and Revolutionary periods</h3><br>
<p>In 1686, when Albany received the Dongan Charter from the British, the future route of Clinton was set as the citys northern boundary, at this time the streets name was Patroon Street. To its north were the lands of the van Rensselaer family&#39;s patroonship. A decade before the Revolution, Stephen van Rensselaer II had the area just north of the city surveyed and laid out a grid plan for future growth. On March 7, 1788 the state of New York divided the entire state into towns eliminating districts as administrative units. This transformed the Western District of the Manor of Rensselaerswyck into the town of Watervliet, which incorporated the lands north of Patroon Street. The neighborhood in this town along the north edge of Patroon Street would be incorporated as a municipality under the name of Colonie in 1791 but would stay within Watervliet. Colonie would become incorporated again, this time as a district in 1801, and a village in 1804, then a separate town in 1808. In 1815 Colonie would be split between the city of Albany and the town of Watervliet.</p><br>
<p>The area began to grow and the planned streets became reality. In 1815, with a thousand people already living between the river and Knox Street (which later became Northern Boulevard and then changed again to Henry Johnson Boulevard) it was annexed to Albany. It became the city&#39;s Fifth Ward. It was in 1815 after the annexation that Albany renamed Patroon Street to Clinton Avenue.</p><br>
<p>Development in the area began to increase when the Erie Canal, which connected to the Hudson at the Albany Basin, was completed in 1825. On December 29, 1828 notable residents Israel Smith and Samuel Pruyn, among others, petitioned the Common Council to improve the junction of Clinton and North Pearl streets, an area increasingly visible to visitors to the city. It wasnt until a month later, on January 26, 1829, that the Common Councils committee on the subject reported in favor of the improvement and recommended that the square be named Clinton Square. It was on August 17, 1829 that the Common Council declared North Pearl Street between Orange Street and Clinton Avenue to be widened and renamed Clinton Square, and the park to be roughly 200 by 60 feet. A small park, it was considered one of the citys major achievements of the time. It was considered the first city improvement north of downtown, the city being focused on the southern section prior to this. The creation of Clinton Square marks the beginning of the districts development and history. By March 1831, however, the opening of the square was denounced as "a monument of the stupidity of its originators" and "had a tendency to reduce rents in that quarter". By 1914 the few trees that were there were in poor shape and the square was a grassy area with a single diagonal path.</p><br>
<h3>Early 19th century</h3><br>
<p>During the 1830s, many of the dilapidated colonial-era houses around the square were demolished and the first rowhouses, their decoration reflecting the contemporary Greek Revival style, built on Clinton Place overlooking the park, along with a church. Only two houses, 3 and 5 Clinton Place, survive. Herman Melville lived in the former during 1843.</p><br>
<p>The Clinton Place rowhouses set that form as the standard for the rest of the district as the century progressed. It was a convergence of the building traditions of the city&#39;s early Dutch settlers, where a long and narrow lot was almost completely covered by the house, with the more English-influenced buildings preferred by the Albanians of the early 19th century, many of whom had emigrated west from New England.</p><br>
<p>North Pearl Street was completed to Livingston Avenue at this time, and the first railroads were built into the city. The Mohawk and Hudson&#39;s tracks came into the city a half-mile (1 km) north of Clinton Avenue, primarily delivering lumber from the vast forests in the northern and western regions of the state to the nearby Albany Lumber District along the Erie Canal. This triggered a building boom along Clinton in the 1840s. The oldest rowhouses along the street, the three buildings between 65 and 75, were part of a group of six built as speculative housing by local landowner Thomas Ludlow in 1845.</p><br>
<p>In the 1850s the street was gradually built out between North Pearl and Swan streets. Houses built during this time reflected the early adoption of the Italianate mode and its preference for the bracketed cornice. These elements were usually made of sandstone before the Civil War but of wood afterwards. The Italianate style dominated in rowhouses on Clinton Avenue until 1880; today it still accounts for the majority of rowhouses in the district. The houses at 133–143 Clinton, dating to 1851, exemplify the prewar Italianate rowhouses. The unbroken row from 250–272 Clinton, dating to the 1870s, demonstrates the postwar application of the style.</p><br>
<p>The population grew enough that School 5, now a church, was built at 226-228 North Pearl. Development pressure on the west end of Clinton Avenue came later in the 1850s when Erastus Corning combined many of the states railroads into the New York Central. To handle the new roads maintenance needs, he began building a yard north of Clinton Avenue west of Northern Boulevard. The facility also had the largest stockyard east of Chicago. The city expanded its horsecar lines to run further west along the former Schenectady Turnpike, now Central Avenue, in the 1860s. This made possible the development of the blocks at the west end of the district. Many of the clapboard-sided homes there were filled by German immigrants.</p><br>
<h3>Late 19th century</h3><br>
<p>In 1867 the city built a fire station at 126 Clinton Avenue. This increase in services prefigured the 1870 annexation of the land on the west of Northern Boulevard, putting the entirety of Clinton Avenue within Albany city limits. Two years later, in 1872, the city established a horsecar line along Clinton from North Pearl to Lexington, bringing the city&#39;s downtown within reach of the neighborhood. This made it more desirable and housing began to supplant the brickyards that had previously been located there.</p><br>
<p>The decades of the Gilded Age were marked by a building boom along Clinton. Many of the remaining undeveloped lots, particularly along the western section of the street, were bought and speculative rowhouses built. Most were rented to the various laborers and craftsmen moving into the area. Construction began to come up Lark Street, the first one west of downtown Albany that crossed the Sheridan Hollow ravine (since filled in) at grade. Following the annexation, Lexington Street was extended northward a few blocks, and brick rowhouses were built there as well.</p><br>
<p>Development continued in the 1880s, with some earlier construction being demolished to make way for newer houses. Builders began moving beyond the Italianate style, experimenting with the Richardsonian Romanesque and Queen Anne styles. Hope Baptist Church, at the west end of the McPherson Terrace row on the north side of Clinton west of Judson, is the foremost Romanesque building in the district. The Queen Anne style is responsible for the oriel windows found at 5 Wilson Street (on the North Pearl corner), the row of 152½, 154 and 154½ (identical buildings with arched windows on the first story) and 168 Clinton, with a projecting gabled pavilion. The two styles blend in a row faced in stone between Lexington and Robin streets. The Gothic Revival style made an appearance in 1883 when the former St. Luke&#39;s Methodist Church was built at the northwest corner of the Lexington intersection.</p><br>
<p>Building finally slowed down in the 1890s, since most of the district had been developed. What new construction took place was primarily the infill of the remaining vacant lots. The most significant of this was the completion of the eastern end of McPherson Terrace.</p><br>
<h3>20th century</h3><br>
<p>Since the district had been almost built out by 1890, the architectural movements of the early 20th century made little impact on it. An American Foursquare was built at the southwest corner of Clinton and Lexington in 1905, and a few more stone and brick rowhouses were built on North Pearl in that decade. Most buildings in early 20th century styles were public ones, like the Classical Revival police station built at 222 Pearl Street in 1911. The 1931 opening of the Palace Theatre at Clinton and North Pearl, where its history began, gave the district its newest contributing property and ended its period of significance.</p><br>
<p>The Clinton Street area remained a thriving middle-class residential neighborhood throughout the first half of the century. After World War II, suburbanization began and many of the residents moved out of the city. The poorer residents who replaced them, particularly west of Northern Boulevard, could not get mortgages or home improvement loans, and in the 1960s and 1970s the area began to show the signs of early urban decay, as buildings began to be abandoned and crumbled.</p><br>
<p>The district was never targeted for wholesale urban renewal, and after some demolitions in the east end it became eligible for Community Development Block Grants (CDBGs) in the late 1970s. The city, which had bought the Palace in 1969, designated the Clinton-North Pearl area a historic district in 1981. Several years later it targeted 82 rowhouses between North Pearl and Northern Boulevard for a neighborhood stabilization program, work which culminated in the Register listing for the district three years later.</p><br>
<h2>Clinton Avenue today</h2><br>
<p>New construction or expansion within the district is reviewed by the citys Historic Resources Commission (HRC), a group of nine citizens with an interest in architecture, history or historic preservation appointed by the mayor. The HRC also considers new city landmark designations. The area also comes under the purview of several of Albanys neighborhood associations.</p><br>
<p>The neighborhood stabilization efforts have not yet affected the entire district. In some blocks, particularly west of Northern, houses continue to deteriorate and storefronts remain vacant. The city&#39;s Community Development Agency continues to seek CDBG monies to rehabilitate abandoned rowhouses along Clinton Avenue and continue to keep them affordable.</p><br>
<p>Clinton Ave at Ontario Street is also the location of the oldest firehouse in the city of Albany, built in 1874, refurbished in the 1930s and in 1998.</p><br>
<p>In 2011 the Preservation League of New York State loaned $100,000 to a local developer, Orion Enterprises, to restabilize the former police station at 222 North Pearl. The work would allow planning and architectural work to proceed so Orion could convert the building into apartments.</p><br>
<p>Historic First Bryan Baptist Church is an African-American church that was organized in Savannah, Georgia, by Andrew Bryan in 1788. Considered to be the Mother Church of Black Baptists, the site was purchased in 1793 by Bryan, a former slave who had also purchased his freedom. The first structure was erected there in 1794. By 1800 the congregation was large enough to split: those at Bryan Street took the name of First African Baptist Church, and Second and Third African Baptist churches were also established. The current sanctuary of First Bryan Baptist Church was constructed in 1873.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>George Liele was a slave whose unusual talent and leadership ability was recognized by both black and white people. He converted about 1774, was baptized, and received into the membership of the Baptist church (white) in Burke County, of which Rev. Matthew Moore was pastor. His master, Mr. Henry Sharpe, who was a deacon in this church, permitted George Liele to visit the neighboring plantations along the Savannah River and preach to the slaves. On one of his visits to Brampton, a plantation owned by Mr. Jonathan Bryan, four slaves became converted, were baptized and became the nucleus of the first black missionary Baptist church. These slaves were Andrew Bryan, his wife Hannah, Kate Hogg and Hagar Simpson. This was George Liele&#39;s last recorded visit. Andrew Bryan was also talented, and with permission of Mr. Bryan, began to visit the plantations along the river as far as Yamacraw, preaching to black and white person who gathered to hear him. Mr. Edward Davis (white) permitted the worshipers to erect a rough wooden building on his land in Yamacraw.</p><br>
<p>Rev. Thomas Burton and Rev. Abraham Marshall (white) became interested in the growing group of worshipers and on January 20, 1788, visited the services. Rev. Marshall baptized 45 converts and ordained Andrew Bryan to the ministry will full authority to preach the gospel and administer the ordinances of the Baptist church. On this same date, he organized the group into what one day would be named the First Bryan Baptist Church, and installed Andrew Bryan as the first pastor. The church continued to hold services, often under adverse and painful conditions, at Brampton and in the temporary building in Yamacraw. Meanwhile, Rev. Bryan was able to secure his freedom from Mr. Bryan for a minimal sum and thereby devoted his time exclusively to his ministry. A third meeting place was provided by Mr. Thomas Gibbons who gave a lot to Andrew Bryan for this purpose. The lot was situated on Mill Street, running to Indian Street Lane. A temporary building was erected there. This lot was conveyed June 1, 1790, to "Free Andrew." The main United States Post Office is now located on this site. With the help of the members and white friends who were sympathetic to the efforts of the church, Rev. Bryan was able to purchase the lot upon which the church now stands for "thirty pounds sterling" (approximately $150.00), and erected a church, making this site the oldest parcel of real estate owned continuously by black people in the United States. This site is described as lot No. 7, Middle Oglethorpe Ward, 95 feet front, and 132 and a half feet deep. The deeds are dated September 4, 1793.</p><br>
<p>The First Bryan Baptist Church was incorporated by the State of Georgia in 1866, and appears for the first time in the Records of Deeds of Chatham County, September 4, 1793. Rev. Bryan pastored the church until his death in 1812. Andrew C. Marshall became the pastor in 1815.</p><br>
<p>During the period between 1788 and 1832, the first Sunday School for blacks was organized at this church in 1826 by Mr. Lowell Mason, who also organized the first Sunday School in Savannah, at the Independent Presbyterian Church. He was the first superintendent and was assisted by Messrs. George Coe, John Lewis and James Barr, all members of the Independent Presbyterian Church. This Sunday School was very successful and remained under supervision until December, 1835 when the Presbyterian Church turned it over to First Bryan. It is still in operation.</p><br>
<p>In 1832, a controversy over doctrine caused the First African Baptist congregation at Bryan Street to split. Some members left, taking with them the name of First African Baptist Church. In 1859, the members of this new congregation (most of whom were slaves) built their current church building on Franklin Square. The congregation became confused and finally hopelessly divided on doctrinal matters and as a result, Rev. Marshall and a large group of members left the mother church in 1832 and moved to Franklin Square where they occupied a building secured from a white congregation, and organized the First African Baptist Church. The remainder of the members stayed on the original site and continued to worship under the leadership of the deacons until 1833.</p><br>
<p>From 1833 until 1861 First Bryan had six pastors and existed under trying conditions. In 1861, Rev. Ulysses L. Houston became pastor and First Bryan began to prosper and has continued to make phenomenal progress.</p><br>
<h3>Civil War and Emancipation Proclamation</h3><br>
<p>Before the Civil War, and its aftermath, First Bryans pastor and several church members played integral roles in the emancipation of blacks in Savannah. James Merilus Simms, a trustee and ordained minister of First Bryan, went to Richmond, Virginia in 1862 and returned to Savannah with the preliminary draft of the Emancipation Proclamation to share with Savannahs black leadership and population. As a result of his efforts, black Savannah held a celebration dinner with Rev. Ulysses L. Houston giving the invocation and James Porter, the main address on January 1, 1863. Edward Wicks, church clerk for fifty years (1870-1920), was a Union soldier during the Civil War (24th United States Colored Infantry Regiment). Ulysses L. Houston and James Merilus Simms, the pastor and trustee respectively, of First Bryan served in the Reconstruction legislature of Georgia from 1869-1871 (they were initially expelled in 1868).</p><br>
<p>By January 12, 1865, in the Green-Meldrim Mansion, Ulysses L. Houston, pastor, Third African Baptist; Alexander Harris, Deacon and ordained minister, Third African Baptist, and eighteen black ministers from First African Baptist, Second Baptist, Andrew Methodist Chapel, Bishop W. J. Gaines, James Lynch, founder of the Georgia AME Church, and James Porter met with General William T. Sherman, Edwin Stanton, Secretary of War, General Oliver Otis Howard, Director Freedmen&#39;s Bureau, to discuss the future of former slaves in Savannah. Today, Field Order No. 15 is known in American history as "Forty Acres And A Mule". As a result of this Order, Rev. U. L. Houston led 1,000 blacks to Skidaway Island, where they farmed and raised crops until 1866, when white citizens regained the land.</p><br>
<h2>Current building</h2><br>
<p>August 18, 1873, the congregation, in conference, decided to tear down the building built by Rev. Andrew Bryan and erect a new and modernized edifice for worship. The draft of the plan made by John B. Hogg (white), a civil engineer and city surveyor, free of charge, was shown to the congregation. The plan was accepted on September 29, 1873 at the last communion in the old building. Pictures were made, copies of which were sold for one dollar to help with the building fund.</p><br>
<p>The cornerstone for the building (present edifice) was laid on October 13, 1873, by the Grand Lodge of Colored Masons in the State of Georgia, attended by two subordinate Lodges. The cornerstone contains a cooper box presented by the Sunday School at a cost of twenty-two dollars. In the box are artifacts given by the members (jewelry, coins, etc.) and receipts, newspaper clippings and other church records.</p><br>
<p>The labor on the building was done exclusively by black mechanics under the supervision of the architect. The style of architecture is almost pure Corinthian and is similar in design to that of Wesley Chapel in London, England, and the Trinity Methodist Church in Savannah, the plans for which were also made by Mr. Hogg and completed in 1850.</p><br>
<p>The outer dimensions of the building are: length, 75 feet; breadth, 56 feet; height from the foundation to the peak of the roof, 45 feet; with a belfry above containing a bell. A spacious gallery occupies three sides, with the lower audience room provides a seating capacity of 1,500 persons. On the inside, the distance from the floor to the ceiling is 26 feet. The cost of this building was about $30,000, not including furnishings. A pipe organ was purchased from the Independent Presbyterian Church at a cost of $1,350. This organ was built by H. Knauff Company of Philadelphia in 1856 and was bought by the Presbyterian Church. It was damaged by fire in 1889, and was sold to First Bryan in the early 1890s. It is not in use now but remains as a beautiful showpiece in the sanctuary. Plans are now underway to restore this instrument. The building was completed, and on the evening of January 20, 1888, one hundred years after the organization of this first black Baptist congregation, special services marking this occasion was held for the first time. In this same year the first history of this congregation was written by Rev. James Merilus Simms, an office and member of the church. The history was published by J. B. Lippencott and Company of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.</p><br>
<p>In October 1940, the Yamacraw community became Yamacraw Village when the cornerstone was laid for this well known Federal Housing Project. Over the hears, First Bryan Baptist Church continues to provide spiritual and financial resources to uplift the families in the Yamacraw Village community. In 1956, the Education Building was dedicated. This building contains classrooms, offices and an assembly hall named for Dr. M. P. Sessoms, who served as superintendent for many years, and under whose leadership the Church School was highly organized and functioned effectively as a Christian education center.</p><br>
<p>The present edifices, built in 1873, still exists at 575 W. Bryan St. Savannah, GA. Both the edifice and educational center are testaments of the faithfulness of God. The site, buildings and furnishings are estimated to be approximately one and a half million dollars. This church was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978. Tours of the church are available upon request.</p><br>
<h2>Pastors</h2><br>
<p>Andrew Bryan – 1788–1812</p><br>
<p>Andrew Cox Marshall – 1815–1832</p><br>
<p>Thomas Anderson – 1833–1835</p><br>
<p>Stephen McQueen – 1835–1841</p><br>
<p>John Benjamin DeVeaux – 1842–1845</p><br>
<p>Isaac Roberts – 1846–1849</p><br>
<p>Brister Lawton – 1849–1850</p><br>
<p>Garrison Frazier – 1852–1860</p><br>
<p>Ulysses L. Houston – 1861–1889</p><br>
<p>George Griffin – 1889–1907</p><br>
<p>Daniel Wright – 1908–1923</p><br>
<p>Lawrence M. Glenn – 1924–1934</p><br>
<p>Levi M. Terrill – 1935–1943</p><br>
<p>Nathaniel E. Holsey – 1943–1949</p><br>
<p>Richard M. Williams – 1949–1965</p><br>
<p>Ervin J. Jennings Jr. – 1965–1973</p><br>
<p>Arthur D. Sims – 1974–1982</p><br>
<p>Edward L. Ellis Jr. – 1985–2011</p><br>
<p>Aaron M. James Sr. – 2011–2016</p><br>
<p>Christopher J. Pittman - 2019–Present</p><br>
<h2>Historical highlights</h2><br>
<p>1700s</p><br>
<p>1784 – Andrew Bryan, Hannah Bryan, and Kate Hogg baptized by George Leile.</p><br>
<p>1784 – Andrew Bryan given permission to preach January 20, 1788 – First Bryan Baptist Church organized, Andrew Bryan ordained and installed as the First Pastor.</p><br>
<p>1793 – Andrew Bryan obtained his freedom and purchased the present site of this church for $150.00.</p><br>
<p>1795 – First church building completed.</p><br>
<p>1800s</p><br>
<p>1812 – Andrew Bryan&#39;s Death.</p><br>
<p>1815 – Andrew Marshall became the second pastor.</p><br>
<p>1826 – First Sunday School for Blacks, organized by Lowell Mason, Superintendent of the Independent Presbyterian Church.</p><br>
<p>1832 – Church split over doctrinal matters with pastor and a portion of the membership moved to a building on Franklin Square.</p><br>
<p>1833 – Church remained in continuous operation under the deacons led by Deacon Adam Johnson.</p><br>
<p>1835 – Administration of Sunday School relinquished by the Independent Presbyterian Church and assumed by the Black Church.</p><br>
<p>1836–1916 – Period of struggle, decline in membership and a series of six ministers but still in continuous operation.</p><br>
<p>1853 – March 19, Death of Deacon Adam Johnson after 40 years of service.</p><br>
<p>1861 – Ulysses Houston installed as pastor.</p><br>
<p>1866 – First Bryan Baptist Church Chartered by the State of Georgia.</p><br>
<p>1873 – Congregation decided to build a new and modern church – Plan drafted by John B. Hogg (or Howard), a Civil Engineer. Building raised – Cornerstone laid October 13, 1873.</p><br>
<p>January 20, 1888 – Present edifice completed at a cost of $30,000.00 and occupied for the first time.</p><br>
<p>1888 – Covenant, Constitution and By-Laws written, printed and distributed to the membership.</p><br>
<p>1888 – Pipe Organ built by H. Knauff and Company of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1856, installed at a cost of $1,250.00.</p><br>
<p>1888 – Death of Ulysses L. Houston.</p><br>
<p>1888–1915 – Growth of congregation, monumental program broadened, physical plant modernized.</p><br>
<p>1900s</p><br>
<p>1916 – Monument to George Leile erected on this site by authorization of the National Baptist Convention, Inc.</p><br>
<p>1938 – 1st Sesqui-Centennial Celebration held.</p><br>
<p>1945 – Dedication of addition to the main edifice to provide a choir stand at the rear of the pulpit.</p><br>
<p>1956 – Dedication of the Educational Annex ($25,000.00)</p><br>
<p>1974 – Participation in planning for Bicentennial Celebration of the United States with the "Downtown Nine" historic churches.</p><br>
<p>1975 – Completed a brief historical sketch up to 1975.</p><br>
<p>1976 – Cultural Bicentennial Contribution Morehouse Male Glee Club, March 14</p><br>
<p>Bicentennial Recognition Banquet honoring 3 outstanding church historians, April contributed historical material to "Savannah&#39;s Time-Capsule", issued Memorial Plate, 1788–1976</p><br>
<p>Musical Contribution to "Night in Old Savannah", began permanent historical exhibit of church, evaluated church and furnishings($500,000.00)</p><br>
<p>Applied for Historic Landmark Status; opened the church to the public on a restricted basis</p><br>
<p>Reissued and promoted sales of original history.</p><br>
<p>1977 – Hosted the 107th Session of the General Missionary Baptist Convention of Georgia, Inc.</p><br>
<p>1979 – January 20, unveiled plaque indicating Historic Landmark Status. This is placed on the exterior of the main sanctuary.</p><br>
<p>1979 – February 11, recording of First Live TV. Ministry telecast for Coastal Georgia on WJCL-ABC Channel 22. Televised from the walls of the sanctuary of the Mother Church of Black Baptists.</p><br>
<p>1979 – April 15, the first live TV. Broadcast appearance Easter Sunday Morning having received one of the highest TV ratings for religious broadcast programs in 1979 on WJCL-ABC Channel 22.</p><br>
<p>1979 – May 20, unveiled the first historical marker, granted to blacks in Georgia. This marker is situated on the land area in front of the church and may be read from either direction. Dr. Elizabeth Lyon, Chief of Georgia&#39;s Historical Preservation Section, was the main speaker.</p><br>
<p>1985 – Reverend Edward Lamar Ellis Jr., is the 18th pastor of First Bryan Baptist Church. He is a native of Monroe, GA, and the eldest of four children born to the late Mr. and Mrs. Edward Lamar Ellis Sr.</p><br>
<p>1987 – During a massive renovation, stained glass windows were installed. The altar windows were redesigned to include a picture of Rev. Andrew Bryan, the founding pastor of the church.</p><br>
<p>1988 – January 10–20, Celebrated Bicentennial. Theme – "Weve Come This Far By Faith". The theme "Moving Forward in Love, the More Excellent Way, as We Continue in the New Millennium" was implemented during Pastor Ellis tenure.</p><br>
<p>1988 – Celebrated its Bicentennial on January 20, 1988, the birthday of the church; the cornerstone laid in October 1873 was opened. It contained some 400 artifacts, coins, jewelry, etc.</p><br>
<p>1988, July 10, Pastor Ellis presided over the laying of another cornerstone that contained a bible, church records and other articles donated by members.</p><br>
<p>1994 – Dr. Charles J. Elmore, Professor of Humanities at Savannah State University, historian and author, was authorized by the church to write a history of First Bryan Baptist Church. The title of the book is First Bryan 1788–2001 The Oldest Continuous Black Baptist Church in America. It has been well received and is now in circulation locally and throughout the United States.</p><br>
<p>Hill Hall at Savannah State College, also known as Walter Bernard Hill Hall and built between 1900 and 1901 by students studying manual arts and blacksmithing, was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1981. The building was named for Dr. Walter Barnard Hill.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Located on the campus of Savannah State University, the facility had a variety of uses since its initial construction including a bookstore, student center, male dormitory, and library. USA President William Howard Taft visited the building in 1912. Between 1914 and 1918, during World War I, the building served as a barracks facility for Black soldiers as they trained in Savannah.</p><br>
<p>Hill Hall was closed in 1996 following protests by students when the building, a dorm at the time, fell into disrepair. For nearly 20 years campus officials and community groups worked to raise money for restoration. The building was damaged by fire on May 8, 2000 as work crews were completing renovations. The building was reopened in 2008.</p><br>
<p>Today, Hill Hall houses the university&#39;s Enrollment Management Center, a presidential suite, administrative offices, a lecture hall, a banquet room, and a mini-museum.</p><br>
<h2>Historical recognition</h2><br>
<p>The Georgia Historical Commission and the Georgia Department of Natural Resources have recognized both the Savannah State campus and Hill Hall as a part of the Georgia Historical Marker Program.</p><br>
<p>On April 26, 2001, a historic marker was erected by the Georgia Historical Society and the Savannah State University National Alumni Association. The Georgia Trust for Historic Preservation honored the Hill Hall Restoration project with its Excellence in Rehabilitation Award for 2009.</p><br>
<p>The S. D. Newton House is a historic house at 8 Sycamore Street in Worcester, Massachusetts. Built in 1846, it is an excellent local instance of Greek Revival styling, and one of the few houses surviving from that period in the neighborhood. which once had many more of such houses. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on March 5, 1980. Unfortunately the current keeper of the home has let it go. Not much original left. Garbage everywhere on the inside. Lead paint, peeling paint. An eyesore it has become. It once was a great piece of local history.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Newton House is located just south of Worcester&#39;s downtown area, on the northeast side of Sycamore Street in a mixed residential and commercial area. It is a -story wood-frame house, with a front-facing gable roof and clapboard siding. It is set on a lot fronted by a low granite curb and a picket fence. The building corners have paneled pilasters, which rise to an entablature below the fully pedimented gable and extending along the building sides. A single-story porch extends across the building width, with fluted Doric columns rising to an entablature beneath a shallow hip roof. The front facade is three bays wide, with the entrance in the right bay, flanked by sidelight windows and narrow pilasters, and topped by an entablature.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1846, and typifies the houses that were built in the immediate area in the 1840s, although it is now one of the few houses left from that period. Most of the houses from that period have been replaced either by later residential construction or commercial buildings. The house&#39;s first known occupant was S. D. Newton, a painter; later residents include a victualler and telegrapher. The current resident, a hoarder.</p><br>
<p>Littlepage Stone Mansion, also known as The Old Stone Mansion, is a historic home located at Charleston, West Virginia. It was constructed in 1845 is one of only six houses within the City of Charleston that date to before the American Civil War. It was originally constructed as a two-story Federal style residence, with additions and improvements made in 1915 and 1936.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>Sunrise, also known as MacCorkle Mansion, is a historic home located at Charleston, West Virginia. It was</p><br>
<p>built in 1905 by West Virginia&#39;s ninth governor, William A. MacCorkle (1857-1930). It is a long, three-story stone mansion. Its gabled roof is dotted with dormers and chimneys and surmounts an intricate, but wide, cornice</p><br>
<p>which gives the illusion that the house is smaller than it actually is. The Georgian structure rests on a bluff overlooking the Kanawha River, and from the northern portico one can see nearly the entire city of Charleston. The north side features four magnificent Doric, or neo-classic, columns</p><br>
<p>which support the cornice and ashlar-finished pediment. In 1961 Sunrise Foundation, Inc., was formed for the purpose of purchasing the mansion and grounds.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<p>The mansion was the former home of the Sunrise Museum, a science and art museum that became the Avampato Discovery Museum when it moved into the Clay Center for the Arts and Sciences - West Virginia when it opened in 2003. Currently the house is privately owned and is not open to the public.</p><br>
<p>Col. Henry Hewitt Wood House is a historic home located at Charleston, West Virginia. It is a two-story, white- painted brick house was formerly the seat of a large farmland and built in 1829-31 for Colonel Henry Hewitt Wood, a leading saltmaker. It is a slightly modified L-shaped dwelling. The major elevation facing the Kanawha River is symmetrically divided among five bays and is centered with an especially broad entrance.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<p>The Amelia S. Givin Free Library is a historic public library in Mount Holly Springs, Cumberland County, Pennsylvania. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on August 11, 2004.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The library was built in 1889 and was dedicated on January 2, 1890. The library was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on August 11, 2004.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>It was designed by Richardsonian Romanesque student James T. Steen and is faced with Hummelstown brownstone. Design elements include intricate carvings, semicircular arched windows, crescent apse and moorish fretwork. The Amelia S. Givin Free Library "contains the most extensive and most elaborate installation of moorish fretwork still in existence today".</p><br>
<p>Young-Noyes House, also known as the University of Charleston Presidents House, is a historic home located at Charleston, West Virginia. It was built in 1922 and is a white-painted 15-room brick house, featuring a central two-story gabled block and a shallow two-story gabled ell. It has a river-facing flat-roofed tetrastyle portico; the two-story smooth shaft columns are of the Doric order. The home is in the Colonial Revival style. It was purchased in 1951 to serve as the Morris Harvey College Presidents home.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<p>The Bishop House in Casper, Wyoming was built in 1907. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2001.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Bishop House is a -story foursquare house in Casper, Wyoming. It was built in 1907 in the Colonial Revival style and features a widows walk. The homes red exterior bricks were shipped from Denver. A full porch, supported by four Tuscan columns, extends across the front of the house.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Bishop House was the first multi-storied brick home in Casper, Wyoming. Built in the city&#39;s Capitol Hill addition, the home was constructed for Marvin Lord Bishop, Sr., and was based on his childhood home in the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia. Its architect was Elias N. Miller of Denver, and its builder was William T. Evans, for whom Evansville, Wyoming is named.</p><br>
<p>After M. L. Bishop died in 1939, his wife, Leona, continued to live in the residence until her death in 1948. Their youngest daughter, Lucile L. Bishop, lived in the Bishop House from 1908 to her death in 1997. In 2001, the structure was placed on the National Register of Historic Places. The home is now owned by the Cadoma Foundation and used for community events.</p><br>
<p>The Woodlawn Historic District is a nationally recognized historic district located in Iowa City, Iowa, United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979. The district is largely on Woodlawn Street, a gravel dead-end extension of Iowa Avenue. The eastern terminus of Iowa Avenue was originally planned to be a block to the west and was to be the location of the Governor&#39;s Mansion, but it was never built. The Old Capitol is on western terminus of the same street. The district is an enclave of upper-middle-class houses on Woodlawn and Evans Streets. Nine of the houses were built in the late 19th century, two were built in the 1920s, and two were built in mid-20th century. There is also a four-story Tudor Revival apartment building on Evans Street that was built in 1926. All of the buildings are located on deep set-backs on large landscaped lots that provide seclusion and cohesion, which is what gives them their significance. The most prominent house is a Queen Anne style home at 1036 Woodlawn Street.</p><br>
<p>Maple Terrace Court and Walton Apartments is a group of historic dwellings located at Charleston, West Virginia. Maple Terrace Court is a row of -story brick urban townhouses built in 1914 in the Colonial Revival-style with each two-bay residential units featuring slate-shingled gable roofs with gabled dormers, concrete foundations scored to resemble cut stone, and brick front porches. The Walton Apartments is a three-story unadorned brick apartment building is of utilitarian construction originally built with four one-bedroom residential units per floor.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.</p><br>
<p>Daniel Boone Hotel is a historic hotel located at Charleston, West Virginia. It is a Classical Revival Style ten story structure with blond brick exterior and tan, modular, stone-looking terra cotta. The building was originally constructed in 1927–1929, expanded in 1936 and again in 1949 to provide a total of 465 rooms, a large ballroom and 3 parlor meeting rooms. The overall effect of the facade is to create the common early 20th Century "Skyscraper" look of "Base", two story mezzanine—"Shaft" five stories of 1/1 and 1 story of 6/6 windows—and "Capital" tenth story diamond brick and terra cotta balustrade. The building is U-shaped in plan. In the early-1980s the building was extensively renovated to become an office building.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.</p><br>
<p>The Potter County Courthouse is the primary government building of Potter County, Pennsylvania, United States. Located in the Coudersport Historic District in the Potter county seat of Coudersport, it was added the National Register of Historic Places on February 24, 1975. The courthouse is a Greek Revival structure with some Victorian elements blended into it.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Potter County Courthouse was designed by William Bell of Warren County, with the construction beginning in 1851 and being completed in 1853. In 1888, the roof of the courthouse was altered, leading to controversary over the "squandering" of tax money on a relatively new courthouse. The courthouse was renovated by the Civil Works Administration in the winter of 1933&ndash;34.</p><br>
<p>The Rock Gym is a historic gym located at 45 Forest Avenue in Elberton, Georgia, United States. The gym was built in 1941 and initially served as a National Guard armory. The Elbert County School System also occupied the building and used it for high school basketball games, commencement ceremonies, school dances, and other events. The school system closed the gym in the 1990s, and it was vacant until 2003, when the city considered demolishing the building. The Elbert County Historical Society spent the next nine years restoring the building, and it reopened in 2012 as the Elberton-Elbert County Conference Center and Museum.</p><br>
<p>The gym was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998.</p><br>
<p>The Modjeska Monteith Simkins House is a historic place of the civil rights movement. The house, which was owned by Modjeska Monteith Simkins, is located at 2025 Marion Street in Columbia, South Carolina. On March 25, 1994, it was named to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The house is on a 50 ft by 172 ft lot on the west side of Marion Street between Elmwood Avenue and Calhoun Street. It is located nearly one block north of the Columbia Historic District II.</p><br>
<p>The house is a modest, -story, wooden frame house with an L-shaped plan, side-gabled roof, and shed-roof front porch. The house has its original wooden weatherboard siding. The house was originally built on clay brick piers, but the open spaces were later filled with clay brick. The roof is covered with asphalt composition shingles. There are three interior brick chimneys with corbelling. The upper half-story is for storage.</p><br>
<p>The windows appear to be original. The front of the house has two double-hung, six-over-six, windows on each side of the door. The front wood-paneled door has a transom and sidelights. The porch extends over the door and two windows. The porch has chamfered posts and turned baluster railings. The steps have cast iron railings that have replaced the original wooden railing.</p><br>
<p>The interior has a center hall plan with a rear extension kitchen. The front of the house has a living room and a bedroom. There are two additional bedrooms at the back. Each of these four rooms has a fireplace. The original floor was replaced with wooden pine floorboards by Andrew Simkins.</p><br>
<p>Other modifications to the house include a shed-roof bathroom at the rear built in the mid-twentieth century. Iron bars have been placed over the windows in the 1960s.</p><br>
<p>There is a one-story, three-room building of similar construction at the rear of the property that was probably built around the same time as the main house. This was probably used as a guest house for visiting civil rights workers.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Although an oral tradition indicates that the house was built before the Civil War, it is likely constructed c. 1900. The Simkins family moved into the house in 1932.</p><br>
<p>After Modejska Simkins death in 1992, the house was vacant for a period. In 1995, the Collaborative for Community Trust, which is a Columbia non-profit organization addressing social change, raised US$60,000 towards purchasing the house. They won a stabilization grant from the South Carolina State Historic Preservation Office. They also received funds from the City of Columbia for the conversion of the house into a museum about Simkins and her work and for a headquarters for their organization. Additional support came from the National Trust for Historic Preservation, the Historic Charleston Foundation, the Historic Columbia Foundation, and the Columbia Housing Authority.</p><br>
<p>The house is currently managed by the Historic Columbia Foundation. The house is not routinely open for tours but group visits and meeting space may be arranged.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>The house was the residence, private office of Modjeska Simkins, and guest accommodations for visiting civil rights workers. Her most important contribution was probably her work on Briggs v. Elliott, which became part of the ground-breaking Brown v. Board of Education decision that overturned previous court decisions allowing separate public schools for children of different races. Thurgood Marshall stayed here when the local hotels did not allow African-Americans to register.</p><br>
<p>A historic marker has been erected at the Modeska Monteith Simkins House as one of those honoring African American historic sites in Columbia.</p><br>
<p>The Potter County Courthouse is a government building for Potter County, located in the county seat of Amarillo, Texas. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on August 22, 1996.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The art deco styled courthouse was designed by William C. Townes and was built in 1932. The courthouse cost $315,000 ($ in dollars) to build.</p><br>
<p>The Potter County Library, which sits on the same property as the courthouse, was also designed by Townes and was built in 1922.</p><br>
<p>Camp Arcadia is a Lutheran camp, owned and operated by the Lutheran Camp Association. Located on the shores of Lake Michigan in the small town of Arcadia, Michigan, Camp Arcadia has been in continuous operation since its opening in 1922.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Camp Arcadia is located in Arcadia Township in Manistee County, Michigan. The main access road is M-22.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Camp Arcadia opened in 1922 under the direction of the Walther League, the young adult group of the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod. From its opening until his death in 1963, William "Chief" Wieherman ran the camp along with his wife Hildegard, affectionately known as "Mom". When the Walther League ceased operations in 1968. the future of the camp was uncertain, until a group of dedicated campers formed the Lutheran Camp Association and bought all 110 acre of the camp. The LCA, a non-profit corporation, has operated the camp ever since. The camp was entered onto the National Register of Historic Places in 2017.</p><br>
<h2>Today</h2><br>
<p>Camp Arcadia continues to run under the direction of the LCA. The current president is Stan Scheumann. Each summer, 39 college-age adults live and work at the camp. These employees cook, clean, and run the programs for the campers. In addition to the summer staff, Camp Arcadia employs the following year-round management team: executive director (Chip May), food service director (Taryn Woell), office manager (Rachel Catanese), program director (Jess McCallum Knoll), caretaker (Franco Marano), and donor relations/communications coordinator (Sarah Olson). The archives manager is Ryan McKenna.</p><br>
<p>The camp opens on Memorial Day weekend. During this event, campers are invited to stay for free, provided they help in getting the property ready for the summer. After a week to train the summer staff, the camp begins its summer retreats, most of which are family weeks. After Labor Day weekend, the camp generally runs retreats through October, when it is then closed for winter.</p><br>
<p>Charleston Baptist Temple is a historic Baptist church located at Charleston, West Virginia. It is a two-story, brick church with Georgian and Federal style details. It was designed by architect Ernest Flagg and constructed in 1924. It is composed of a central sanctuary block with matching wings and a rear addition constructed in 1955. The facade features a central tower, which contains the steeple. The spire is copper-clad and flares out to cover an open belfry with decorated engaged Corinthian columns and arched openings. Directly below the belfry is a baluster area above the clock portion of the tower.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000.</p><br>
<p>Simpson Memorial United Methodist Church, historically known as the Simpson Memorial Methodist Episcopal Church, is a historic Methodist Episcopal Church, now United Methodist, located at Charleston, West Virginia. It was constructed in 1914 and is a nearly square building on a high foundation. It features a high pitched hipped roof with platform and four story square bell tower. It is of late Gothic Revival styling with features common to many American Protestant churches of the early 20th century.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.</p><br>
<p>Charleston City Hall is a historic city hall located at Charleston, West Virginia. It was constructed in 1921 in the Neoclassical style. It is located opposite the Kanawha County Courthouse, at the center of downtown</p><br>
<p>Charleston. The major, or entrance, elevation faces Virginia Street with monumental design features and walls clad in smooth gray limestone. The equally impressive limestone-faced Court Street facade presents a grand prospect which runs southward for nearly a block between Virginia Street and Kanawha Boulevard. These two elevations are entirely formal in design because they were intended to face the courthouse and principal city thoroughfare. The four-story building is centered with a colossal engaged colonnade of six fluted Doric columns, which rises three-stories in support of a massive cornice. The interior features a grand entrance lobby, and classically designed stairhall and council chambers.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.</p><br>
<p>Kanawha County Courthouse is a historic courthouse located at Charleston, West Virginia. It is located across from the Charleston City Hall, and is a block-long structure constructed in 1892 of rock-face masonry.</p><br>
<p>It is noteworthy for its picturesque massing and precise Richardsonian Romanesque design.</p><br>
<p>Additions were made to the original building in 1917 and 1924. The twin-towered Virginia Street elevation is the glory of the Kanawha County Courthouse. Roofs of each tower are pyramidal with chamfered corners. The belfry openings are arched and flanked with smooth grey limestone masonry colonnettes.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<p>Charleston Municipal Auditorium is a public auditorium in Charleston, West Virginia, as part of the Charleston Coliseum & Convention Center.</p><br>
<p>It was constructed in 1939 and is a large monolithic concrete and steel structure, situated in the southwestern section of Charleston&#39;s central business district.</p><br>
<p>It is an example of the Art Deco architectural style in a public building and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999.</p><br>
<p>With a capacity of 3,483 (2,377 on the orchestra level and 1,106 on the balcony), the Municipal Auditorium is the largest theater in West Virginia. Concerts, graduations, Broadway stage shows and other special events, including the annual presentation of The Nutcracker, are held on the auditorium&#39;s 65-by-85.5-foot stage.</p><br>
<p>Country music singer Hank Williams (1923-1953) was scheduled to perform a New Years Eve show at the auditorium on December 31, 1952. Due to bad weather in Nashville, he was not able to fly to the venue. While en route to the New Years Day show in Canton, Ohio, Williams died of heart failure in the back seat of his Cadillac near Oak Hill, West Virginia.</p><br>
<p>Kearse Theater was a historic theatre building located at Charleston, West Virginia. It was constructed in 1921 and composed of a single floor auditorium with balcony behind a three-story front section which included two storefronts. It was designed for stage shows as well as for movies. The theater was demolished in 1982.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<p>Loewenstein and Sons Hardware Building, also known as the Loewenstein Building or Rite Aid Building, is a historic commercial structure located at Charleston, West Virginia. It was designed by the Columbus, Ohio architectural firm of Yost & Packard.</p><br>
<p>The building is 35,000 ft&sup2; in a five-story pressed brick structure that features eclectic late Victorian and classical details. The 48 ft by 120 ft building is distinguished by a central bay of oriel windows on its Capitol Street facade. Palladian windows are located on both sides of this central bay on the fifth floor. S.S. Kresge operated a variety store in the building from 1927 to 1971.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.</p><br>
<p>The Maj. Isaac C. Elston House, also known as Elston Homestead, is a historic home located at Crawfordsville, Montgomery County, Indiana, United States. It was the home of Maj. Isaac Compton Elston, who fought in the War of 1812 and the Black Hawk War. When he was 39, he moved to Indiana and became a frontier merchant, banker and financier. The Home was given to Wabash College by his grandson, Isaac Compton Elston, Jr.  and is now used as the President&#39;s home.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982. It is located in the Elston Grove Historic District.</p><br>
<p>The Owen County Courthouse is a historic courthouse located at Spencer, Owen County, Indiana, United States. It was the work of Jesse Johnson and Christian Kanzler & Son and built in 1910–1911. It is a three-story, with basement, Classical Revival style limestone building. The flat roof is topped by a copper dome with four-sided Seth Thomas clock.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1994.</p><br>
<p>Walnut Hill Historic District in Carnesville, Georgia consists of several small farm complexes along Old Federal Road  making a historic rural linear community. The oldest dates from 1850. It includes farmhouses of types that are common for rural Georgia from c.1850 to c. 1910 and various outbuildings. Most of the farms were small subsistence farms which grew corn, vegetables, oats, and wheat, plus some cotton as a cash crop.</p><br>
<p>The district includes the graveyard of Indian Creek Baptist Church, which was founded in 1850. Many of the community members were of the Hamilton or Payne families. It includes a historic store and a doctor&#39;s office.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996.</p><br>
<p>Sterrett Brothers&#39; Dry Goods Store is a historic commercial structure located at Charleston, West Virginia. It was built about 1890 in what has become known as the "Victorian Block" of Charleston. The building originally had three floors with a storefront on the first floor. Sometime after 1898, but before 1917, a fourth story was added to the building. Since its construction by the Sterrett Brothers, it has been occupied by Sacks Shoe Store, J.C. Penney Company, the Dondale Furniture Company, and most recently a Charleston-based Law firm.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2001.</p><br>
<p>Plaza Theatre, also known as the Capitol Theater or West Virginia State University Capitol Center, is a historic theatre building located at Charleston, West Virginia. It was constructed about 1912 and is a turn-of-the-century theater/commercial/office building located in a transitional business district of downtown Charleston. The three-story brick structure is characterized by eclectic Classical Revival style architecture incorporating a number of elements from classical Greek forms.</p><br>
<p>The theater&#39;s streetfront entrance is flanked by two commercial storefronts. The dimensions of the Capitol Theater building are 53 feet wide by 163 feet deep (16 by 50 m).</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.</p><br>
<p>Davidson County Courthouse, also known as Metropolitan Courthouse, is an Art Deco building built during 1936–37 in Nashville, Tennessee. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1987.</p><br>
<p>It is an eight-story steel-frame building sheathed with light beige Indiana limestone and gray-green granite as trim at entrances. It was designed by Nashville architect Emmons H. Woolwine and Hirons and Dennison of New York, who won a design competition for the project. It was the first building with central air conditioning in Davidson County.</p><br>
<p>The building is also Nashville&#39;s City Hall and houses the offices of the Mayor of Nashville and the Nashville City Council, therein.</p><br>
<p>On May 30, 2020, the building was affected by fire started by rioters. Despite damage, the courthouse still reopened on June 1, 2020, with at least one suspected arsonist arrested.</p><br>
<p>United Carbon Building, also known as Boulevard Tower, Stanley Building, and Nelson Building, is a historic office building located at Charleston, West Virginia. It is a 12-story, steel-framed building sheathed in a smooth, unornamented shell of gold-colored brick, black steel and glass. Its slender volume rises 157 feet from the sidewalk to the twelfth-floor penthouse, which once served as the office of the building&#39;s prominent patron, Oscar Nelson . Mr. Nelson, president</p><br>
<p>of the United Carbon Company, commissioned architect Walter F. Martens to design the structure. The building was commissioned in 1939 as the national headquarters for the United Carbon Company, which occupied</p><br>
<p>the ninth through the twelfth floors until 1950.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1994.</p><br>
<p>Its current list of tenants includes Bankers Life and Casualty Company.</p><br>
<p>Woodrums&#39; Building, also known as Woodrum Home Outfitting Co. building, is a historic commercial building located at Charleston, West Virginia, United States. It is a six-story commercial building located in the central business district of Charleston. The property consists of an original commercial structure built in 1916 and a rear addition built in 1937.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996. It was also listed as a contributing property in the Downtown Charleston Historic District in 2006.</p><br>
<p>The Dallas County Courthouse is located at the corner of Third and Oak Streets in Fordyce, Arkansas, the county seat of Dallas County. The two-story Classical Revival building was designed by Frank W. Gibb and built in 1911, three years after the county seat was moved to Fordyce from Princeton. It is the most substantial Classical Revival building in the county, and a representative early work of the architect.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.</p><br>
<p>Scott County Courthouse is a historic courthouse located at Benton, Scott County, Missouri. It was designed by architect Henry H. Hohenschild and built in 1912. It is a reinforced concrete Beaux Arts style building sheathed in brick. It has a "T"-plan consisting of a three-story, five-bay, central block with two-story wings. Three bays of the central block are recessed behind colossal Ionic order columns that support a dentiled entablature. It features terra cotta and cast stone ornamentation.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2004.</p><br>
<p>The Guibourd House, also known as La Maison de Guibourd, is an example of poteaux-sur-solle  sealed with bouzillage  construction. The structure was built around 1806 and was the home of Jacques Jean Rene Guibourd and his family.</p><br>
<p>The basic architecture of the Guibourd House is very similar to other Creole-French structures around the town and throughout the French inhabited regions of the Illinois Country/territory, eastern Canada and the Louisiana territory.</p><br>
<p>The structures design has been changed only slightly over the years to accommodate the needs of the various residents, but overall retains much of the original character and style of the early 19th century French Creole architecture. The house had originally been built with galleries&#39; (or wide porches) surrounding the house to keep the interior cool in the summer and the snow off in the winter.</p><br>
<p>The slave quarters or kitchen was added a few years later. The kitchen building was made of brick and detached from the main house due the added heat of cooking during the summer months, the smoke associated with cooking that would linger on cloth furnishings, and finally, because the French considered the smell of cooking to be offensive. (Contrary to the myth that kitchens were separate from the house due to the dangers of fire in the food preparation areas, extensive research has been done on the subject with no substantial facts to back it up. Refer to the book Death by Petticoat, by Mary Theobald, Colonial Williamsburg Press.) The Guibourd kitchen was built in a semi-attached fashion, under one corner of the porch. This proved invaluable for the family and slaves when serving meals to be able to keep them hot, dry and timely. The Guibourd House has one of the few original kitchen structures and slave quarters of this time period in Ste. Genevieve.</p><br>
<p>The Guibourd House is a contributing property in the Ste. Genevieve Historic District, which is a National Historic Landmark. The house is operated as a historic house museum by the Foundation for Restoration of Ste. Genevieve, Inc.</p><br>
<h2>Jacques Jean-René Guibourd de Luzinais</h2><br>
<p>Born: 29 July 1755</p><br>
<p>Where: Candé, France</p><br>
<p>Father: Christopher Ambroise Guibourd</p><br>
<p>Mother: Renée Maguerite Gibault</p><br>
<p>Spouse: Ursule (Ursula) Barbeau</p><br>
<p>(Sister-in-Law to Jean-Baptiste Valle)</p><br>
<p>Married: 24 June 1800</p><br>
<p>Family: (all born in Ste. Genevieve)</p><br>
<p>Eugene Jacques Pierre Guibourd (3 May 1801 – 16 June 1879)</p><br>
<p>Infant Guibourd (died: 21 Nov 1803 )</p><br>
<p>Jean Edward Guibourd (born: unknown)</p><br>
<p>Omer François Guibourd (born: 23 Oct 1807 - died: October 12, 1874 in La-Corbiere, France)</p><br>
<p>Jules Joseph Marie Guibourd (born: 9 Nov 1811 - died: unknown in France)</p><br>
<p>Died: 29 May 1812</p><br>
<p>Where: Ste. Genevieve, Missouri</p><br>
<p>Buried: Ste. Genevieve Memorial Cemetery</p><br>
<h2>From Candé to Sainte Genevieve</h2><br>
<p>Jacques came to Ste. Genevieve from France by way of Saint Domingue where he had been a secretary to a wealthy plantation owner. During a slave rebellion, he was smuggled out of the country in a cargo barrel by his slave, Moros.</p><br>
<p>He and Moros made their way back to France whereupon seeing the chaos and destruction there caused by the Reign of Terror (1793–94, just after the French Revolution of 14 July 1789) had decided to leave their homeland. After hearing of a population of French speaking settlers (possibly Royalist (Chouannerie) or those loyal to King Louis XVI) in America from someone headed to Philadelphia, he and Moros decided to sail to America. There is some evidence that Jacques and Moros were shipwrecked during that voyage and that resulted in the two losing all their belongings. It has been noted that when Jacques arrived in Ste. Genevieve, Missouri sometime in the late 1790s, he was penniless.</p><br>
<p>There is documentation noting that Ursula&#39;s father, Jean-Baptiste Barbeau, took in Jacques (and presumably Moros) until he could get settled. This resulted in his meeting his future wife, Ursula in addition to becoming acquainted with Jean-Baptiste Valle, the Commandant of Ste. Genevieve (in the Illinois Territory, Upper Louisiana).</p><br>
<p>In 1799, he obtained a Spanish land grant for the entire block (2 arpents X 2 arpents, 1 arpent=192 feet) on which his house currently stands. While the house was being built, Jacques opened a mercantile and sold goods to villagers from his residence just across the street from La Maison de Guibourd. Copies of his merchant&#39;s ledger shows what he sold, to whom, how much the items cost and how the items were paid for.</p><br>
<p>In addition to being a merchant, Jacques owned a tan-yard (or tannery) just a few miles South of town on the River aux Vases, and owned a lead mine located west of town in what is now Washington County, MO.</p><br>
<p>Jacques&#39; son, Eugene, married Marie Therese St. Gemme Beauvais and had 12 children most of whom were born in Old Mines, Washington County, MO.</p><br>
<p>Jacques died 29 May 1812. After Ursula died on October 20, 1843, the south half of the property and the house was inherited by sons Jules and Omer. The northern half was inherited by their son, Eugene who had moved back to Ste. Genevieve just four years earlier in 1839.</p><br>
<p>At age 11, Eugene&#39;s son, Felix, traveled with his uncles, Jules and Omer Guibourd back to Angers, France. There, he obtained his degree in science and art, and attended medical school in Paris. Felix returned to Ste. Genevieve in 1865 where he practiced medicine until his death in 1885.</p><br>
<p>In 1859 according to the HABS survey, Jules and Omer sold their part of the lot to Eugene and it subsequently became the property of his son, Felix. In 1907, the property was sold to Clovis G. Boyer who in turn sold the house to Jules Felix and Anne Marie Vallé. In January, 1973, Anne Marie&#39;s will left the house to the Foundation for Restoration of Ste. Genevieve.</p><br>
<h2>Further reading</h2><br>
<p>Naeger, Bill, Patti Naeger, and Mark Evans. Ste. Genevieve: A Leisurely Stroll through History. Ste. Genevieve: Merchant Street, 1998.</p><br>
<p>The Dominguez Rancho Adobe is California Historical Landmark Number 152, and in 1976 was placed on the National Register of Historic Places by the United States Department of the Interior.</p><br>
<p>The adobe of Manuel Dominguez, on the Spanish land grant of Rancho San Pedro (re-validated under Mexican rule), was completed in 1826. The home features 2 ft walls, heavy timbers and a flat, tarred roof. Much of the furniture is original to the Dominguez family.</p><br>
<p>The Friends of Rancho San Pedro operate the adobe ranch home as the Dominguez Rancho Adobe Museum. The Friends provide guided tours of the house, as well as host many educational programs about ranch life and early California history. The museum&#39;s address is 18127 South Alameda Street, Rancho Dominguez, California, an unincorporated community in Los Angeles County, located between the cities of Compton, Long Beach and Carson.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Rancho San Pedro is the site of the First Spanish land grant in California. The land was usurped from the indigenous inhabitants by Spanish soldiers and missionaries, and in 1784 King Carlos III granted the land to Juan Jose Dominguez, a retired Spanish soldier who came to California with the Portola expedition and later with Father Juniperro Serra. This grant encompassed 75,000 acres and included the entire Los Angeles harbor. The indigenous people, known as the Tongva, were forced into Spanish missions, most likely Mission San Gabriel, where most perished from disease, violence, and forced work. Due to a lack of heirs, the land was then passed to Cristobal Dominguez, a nephew of Juan Jose. Cristobal’s son, Manuel Dominguez, would succeed him in taking control of the land upon his father’s death. It was under Manuel’s guidance that the Rancho as it is seen today was constructed in 1826.</p><br>
<p>During this time Manuel was also focused on acquiring a United States land patent, which would solidify ownership of the Rancho under United States’ law. The patent was granted and signed by President James Buchanan on December 18, 1858, more than 7 years after it was first requested and nearly 75 years after the original land grant. This was the first USA land patent granted in California. However, throughout the years of political turmoil in California, prolonged court battles over ownership of the Rancho, numerous surveys of the land, and the sale of some parcels, the United States land patent stated that the Rancho now encompassed 25,000 acres, far fewer than the 75,000 acres included in the original land grant.</p><br>
<p>Manuel Dominguez was a business-savvy young man who could speak both Spanish and English as a result of successful trade. He was also the only one of his siblings who could read and write. At the age of 29, he was elected as Mayor of Los Angeles. Manuel later became one of 47 delegates in California to sign the State Constitution. Not long thereafter, President James Buchanan signed the first land patent granted in California to Manuel Dominguez, solidifying the grounds in use by the museum today.</p><br>
<h3>Battle of the Old Woman’s Gun</h3><br>
<p>During the Mexican–American War in 1846, the Battle of Dominguez Rancho or Battle of the Old Woman’s Gun occurred on the eastern side of Dominguez Hill, its location being a factor in the temporary defeat of American troops by a band of Spanish Californians. This one-hour altercation took place on October 8 near the home of Manuel Dominguez, with the Rancho buildings being occupied from the previous night by Captain Mervine and his marines.</p><br>
<h3>Partition</h3><br>
<p>Upon Manuel’s death in 1882, and the passing of his wife one year later, the Rancho lands were partitioned among his six surviving children, all daughters. Three of the married daughters continued the Dominguez legacy through the Carson, Del Amo and Watson families</p><br>
<h2>Pacific Electric Railway</h2><br>
<p>By the time the railroad came into the lives of the Dominguez family, in 1869, the family already had a lucrative cattle business. In fact, the cattle were slaughtered in the fields on the spot. When the railroad was built running through Rancho lands that practice came to a halt. Manuel donated 100 feet, about 77 acres, to the railroad.</p><br>
<p>In 1902, the Pacific Electric Railway was set to cut through Dominguez and Watson land. In the agreement, the Dominguez family requested there be a Dominguez Junction at Alameda Street. This is where Union Pacific freight trains still run to this day. Teams of men, horses, and mules built the railway at a rapid pace. On July 4, 1902, the railway officially opened. The Pacific Electric Railway would pass by the Dominguez Junction every hour, and thereby increased the value of the rancho lands.</p><br>
<p>As a passenger train, people were able to frequent the rancho more easily and more often. The Dominguez family became known for their large family barbecues, which were made possible by the advent of the locomotive. However, the trains definitely had their downsides. Raising livestock and agriculture was made more difficult, and people throughout the area complained through Robert Watson to reach the Pacific Electric Railway Company. Ultimately, however, the railroad was beneficial to the Dominguez heritage, as Carson was able to ship over 70,000 pounds of wool at a time</p><br>
<p>The Rancho has a collection of antique large-scale model trains located in their carriage house as well.</p><br>
<h2>1910 Air Meet at Dominguez Field</h2><br>
<p>In 1910, Dominguez Hill served as the site of the first national aviation meet in the United States. It is estimated that over a half-million passengers traveled by train to see this historic event. An open grandstand was erected that was more than six hundred feet in length. Use of the field was provided without rental charge by the Dominguez family, though the family asked to have front row seats for the entire event. Many of the early aviation pioneers were present, including the Curtiss, Martin, Paulhan, and Willard. Roy Knabenshue flew in one of the first blimps. The aviation meet lasted for 10 days, establishing the first speed and endurance records.</p><br>
<h2>The Claretians</h2><br>
<p>Manuel and his family were also very devout Catholics. All of the daughters made major donations to the construction of St. Vibiana’s, the former Cathedral in downtown Los Angeles. In 1922, the two remaining daughters, Susana Del Amo and Reyes Dominguez, deeded seventeen acres adjacent to the family home to the Claretian Missionaries. In 1924, the Claretian Missionaries began using the adobe home as a graduate school for Claretians and later as a seminary. In recognition of this contribution to the Claretians, special arrangements were made to allow Susana and Gregorio Del Amo to be buried in a crypt beneath the altar of the chapel located in the modern day Claretian retirement home.</p><br>
<h2>Modern land division</h2><br>
<p>In 1967 the stockholders of the Dominguez Estate Company voted to sell off a large portion of the land. The sale was the largest in southern Californian history. The state of California purchased a portion of the land, and in 1965 the Board of Trustees of the California State Colleges voted to build a new campus on the west side of Dominguez Hill, which became California State University Dominguez Hills.</p><br>
<p>Without the foresight and leadership of Juan Jose, Cristobal and Manuel Dominguez, the Rancho San Pedro may not have survived to the modern day. Many of the Spanish land grants in California were sold to settlers, abandoned, or lost entirely due to costly court battles to defend ownership of the property. Recently, the Dominguez family has been host to the King and Queen of Spain, the Governors of California, and other dignitaries at events held throughout the Rancho lands.</p><br>
<p>Today, the descendants of the Dominguez family operate the Watson Land Company and the Carson Companies on the original Rancho land. Throughout his life, Manuel resisted selling the land, preferring instead to lease parcels and retain ownership. This strategy was followed by his children, which allowed for a substantial portion of the land grant to be held by family members today. This includes the museum which showcases the adobe home of Manuel Dominguez.</p><br>
<h2>California Historical Landmark Marker</h2><br>
<p>California Historical Landmark Marker NO. 152 at the site reads:</p><br>
<p>NO. 152 DOMÍNGUEZ RANCHHOUSE - The central portion of the ranchhouse was built in 1826 by Manuel Domínguez. Rancho San Pedro, ten square leagues granted provisionally by Governor Fages to Juan José Domínguez in 1784, was regranted by Governor Solá to Cristobal Domínguez in 1822. In the battle of Domínguez Ranch, fought here October 8 and 9, 1846, Californians led by José Antonio Carrillo repelled United States forces under Captain William Mervine, USA Navy, in an attempt to recapture the Pueblo of Los Angeles.</p><br>
<p>Waldschmidt Hall  is an academic building at the University of Portland in Portland, Oregon, United States. Constructed in 1891 as West Hall, the building was originally part of the now defunct Portland University located in North Portland overlooking the Willamette River. The Romanesque style structure built of brick and stone stands five stories tall. The hall was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1977 and renovated in 1992, the same year it took the current name. Waldschmidt, the oldest building on campus, now houses the school&#39;s administration offices and some classrooms.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Members of the Methodist Episcopal Church founded Portland University in 1891 in Portland and began raising funds to open the school. That year the university built a five story tall brick building at a cost of $32,500. Named West Hall when it opened, it first was used as a residence hall, the school&#39;s chapel, and for classrooms, as it was the only building on campus. While a companion building was never constructed, the name "West Hall" was selected with the possibility of a future "East Hall" in mind. Portland University suffered financial problems and had to abandon the campus after defaulting on loans in 1896. The campus and West Hall then became the property of the prior owners.</p><br>
<p>In 1901, Archbishop Alexander Christie purchased the campus and building in a trade of two properties the church owned plus $1 in an effort to start a Catholic affiliated school. A student at the school apparently drowned in the Willamette in 1911 and is believed to haunt the building. The task to decorate the building was promoted by Holy Cross Brother Tobias OBrien, C.S.C., in which his stated goal was to present West Hall as looking "more attractive and picturesque." Within eighteen years, the ivy had grown above the level of West Halls fourth story. The ivy would remain on West Hall until 1958, when it was determined that the weight of the heavy ivy curtains was accelerating the decay of the building&#39;s brick structure.</p><br>
<p>The school changed its name to the University of Portland in 1935.</p><br>
<h2>Historic landmark designation and renovations</h2><br>
<p>West Hall was designated a historic landmark by Portland in 1970, Seven months prior, on February 18, 1977, a ceremony was held at the entrance of West Hall to reveal the commemorative plaque for the building&#39;s designation. University of Portland president Paul E. Waldschmidt, C.S.C. held the honors of unveiling the plaque during the festivities. Close to this time period, measures were being taken in order to preserve West Hall. In 1975, a fresh layer of mortar was applied between many of the bricks in the building to guard West Hall from deleterious weather effects.</p><br>
<p>In 1990, the school embarked on a three renovation project of the structure to bring it up to code and prevent it from falling apart. Repairs included fixing sagging walls and floors, as well a retrofitting the building to meet modern seismic standards and other building codes, such as the AVA, electrical, plumbing, and HVAC building codes. However, West Hall&#39;s recent designation on the National Register of Historic Places called for a challenging renovation process. Utilizing the design from Soderstrom Architects, the $5.5 million project utilized the original blueprints and old pictures to maintain the original look and feel of the building. Other work included making it accessible to the handicapped, replacing windows, restoring the hardwood floors, and re-creating the front entrance. The renovations also enhanced the technological capabilities of the classrooms housed in West Hall with the addition of computer classrooms. Paid for in part by private donations, the project was completed in October 1993.</p><br>
<h2>Renaming to Waldschmidt Hall</h2><br>
<p>In October 1992, the University of Portland renamed the building as Waldschmidt Hall in honor of former school president and Roman Catholic bishop Paul E. Waldschmidt, following his retirement from his position as auxiliary bishop of Portland two years prior. The ceremony for the renaming of the building was the conclusion of a four-day celebration to honor the 150th year of the Congregation of the Holy Cross in America, in addition to the celebration of University of Portlands 90th year as an academic institution. The commemoration also included a painted portrait of Waldschmidt, which was commissioned to artist Wayne Chin. The portrait is housed on the northeast interior wall near the buildings main entrance.</p><br>
<p>After renovations were completed in 1993, the hall housed the administrative offices of the university, including student services, and some classrooms. Part of the Postal Services Historic Preservation series, the computer generated image of the building was created by John Pirman.</p><br>
<h2>Architectural details</h2><br>
<p>Frederick Manson White, Richard H. Martin, Jr., and William F. McCaw served as the three original architects for the building. Romanesque in architectural style, the five story structure has stone, brick, and cast iron on the exterior. The hall was patterned after Harvard Universitys Sever Hall and includes a wide, domed entrance. The abundant use of brick on the buildings exterior is also indicative of a Sever Hall inspiration. As a result, Waldschmidt Hall&#39;s design is similar in style to buildings modeled after the Collegiate Gothic style, an architectural style that was commonly associated with private colleges in the eastern United States during the late 19th century, but, nevertheless, found its way to the Pacific Northwest. The red brick exterior used for Waldschmidt Hall also marks a hint of Richardsonian Romanesque inspiration, a style that White could be associated with in the Pacific Northwest, for buildings such as the Hotel Vintage Plaza in Portland. Measuring 30,000 ft2, Waldschmidt is the oldest building the University of Portland campus.</p><br>
<p>The interior of the building features walls paneled with cherry wood, oak flooring, a carpeted stairway, large windows, modern furnishings, and old photographs of the hall hung on some walls. As of 2009, Waldschmidt Hall houses the university&#39;s administrative offices including admissions and the registrar, as well as some classrooms. Some of the red bricks outside of the top floor have initials carved into them by former students.</p><br>
